Warmly,
patty love, MALS, PDC

Barefoot Edible Landscape & Permaculture – owner
patty
www.barefootpermaculture.com

Rochester PermacultureCenter – Program Director
www.rochesterpermaculturecenter.org
patty@barefootpermaculture.com

http://www.meetup.com/RochesterPermaculture/

Sunday, June 10 from 10:00am – 3:00pm

Have a woodlot and been wondering what you could do with it? Or interested in cultivating mushrooms in your backyard? Join mushroom farmer and extension educator Steve Gabriel for a look at mushroom cultivation in the context supporting local healthy woodlots. In addition to inoculating shiitake, oyster, and stropharia mushrooms, the class will take a walk in the woods and discuss basic forest ecology and how to develop plans to use surplus of timber stand improvements as mushroom substrates & other wood products.

$65 includes one inoculated mushroom log & one inoculated oyster substrate to take home

MORE INFO: www.AgroforestrySolutions.com (click on “mushroom classes”)

TO REGISTER: Email name, email, and phone number to steve or

call 607.342.2825

This workshop will present permaculture as a framework for holistic, sustainable thinking and planning in the home, garden, and urban/rural landscapes. Concepts discussed include ways to take concrete actions to reduce your impact on our planet and how permaculture practitioners can work for social justice. We will also spend time discussing a designated space for a demonstration permaculture garden near the Brooktondale Community Center gardens to teach basic principles of a permaculture design.

Karryn Olson-Ramanujan, our guest presenter from the Finger Lakes Permaculture Institute, emphasizes that permaculture is not a new way to garden, but aims to teach people how to achieve a regenerative future for all: on the land and through principles of energy efficiency and social justice.

UPCOMING WORKSHOP PARTICULARS:
WHEN: Sunday, May 27, 2012
TIME: 1:00 3:00 pm
WHERE: Brooktondale Community Center, Valley Road, Brooktondale, NY 14817 PRESENTER: Karryn Olson-Ramanujan, Certified Permaculture Designer COST: $5.00 donation
Free for interested individuals who cannot afford a donation RSVP: Becky: (607-229-4509 or beckydewitt215@gmail.com )
Veronique: (607-229-9204 or niquedot@yahoo.com )

About Karryn Olson-Ramanujan: Karryn loves exploring the world and its cultures, a passion that has taken her from her home state of South Dakota to live in Germany, Ghana, and India. She began studying permaculture in 1997 and has completed certificate courses in both Northern California and India, as well as advanced courses in Keyline Design, Edible Forest Gardening, and Permaculture Design and Teaching. Karryn is a lead teacher and founding board member for the Finger Lakes Permaculture Institute.
(http://FingerLakesPermaculture.org)

###
Earn your Permaculture Design Certificate
with the Finger Lakes Permaculture Institute
http://www.fingerlakespermaculture.org
###

Come to the After-the-Sale Sale of remaining plants at Tompkins County Cooperative Extension instead! Our Master Gardener Volunteers took over 3,000 plants to the sale, so they still have many quality plants left. We expect to have extra peonies, some bleeding hearts, ferns and MORE!

This year, we will combine the plant sale with a rummage sale! Master Gardeners will bring in their unneeded garden-related items, including gardening books, magazines, pots, vases, posters, block of coir, tools, hoses, maybe even houseplants! You never know what you’ll find at this sale!

TUESDAY MAY 22, 4-7 PM
at Tompkins County Cornell Cooperative Extension, 615 Willow Ave., Ithaca.
Call (607) 272-2292 for directions.Park in the parking lot behind the building. The sale is right next to the parking lot.

Hope to see you there!

Natural Beekeeping
May 26, 2012

This year’s natural beekeeping workshop will be Saturday, May 26 and promises exciting information for both new and experienced beekeepers alike!

The honeybee is an insect that has long been in partnership with humankind. Now, more than ever, the bees are in need of our attention and appreciation.

We will discuss the current plight of the bees, and present solution-oriented information about renewing and reshaping this ancient relationship. We discuss bees within larger pollinator complexes, the natural ecology of bees and their roles in their native habitats, non-traditional products and medicines of the hive, planting for pollinator support, top-bar hive beekeeping, and other techniques- new and old from near and far- inspiring renewed health of honeybees and pollinators in general.

Most importantly, we’ll spend time in the hives (weather permitting- looks nice!), looking at Langstroth, Top Bar, and Warre hives HANDS ON and comparing their advantages for different goals in beekeeping. We keep exceptionally tame bees and support an extremely safe environment, but working in the hive is completely optional.

SAM COMFORT has been keeping bees all over the United States, breeding queens from Russian stock (originally smuggled into the country in our friend’s bra), and is is the founder of Anarchy Apiaries. Since apprenticing at Honey Gardens Apiaries in Vermont 10 years ago, he has gone on to become one of the nation’s leading examples and pioneers in treatment free, bee-centered apiculture.

KEITH MORRIS once managed over 1200 hives for a commercial beekeeping operation, and now experiments with alternative hives and native pollinator support on his farm in Johnson. In 2006, he was recruited by USAID Farmer to Farmer to help develop products from the hive with beekeepers in Nigeria and Ghana. He is Professor of Permaculture and Ecological Design at the University of Vermont and Sterling College.

Saturday May 26, 10 am to 4 pm

Pre-Registration is required, space is limited!

$60 suggested donation, sliding scale includes honey and mead tasting, and light farm sourced lunch. No one will be refused for lack of funds, but you must still pre-register.
http://prospectrockpermaculture.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/natural-beekeeping-may-26/

Please send a check to ensure your space:
Prospect Rock Permaculture
PO Box 426
Jeffersonville, VT 05464

Details and more information can be found at www.prospectrock.org Or email keith@prospectrock.org or call (802) 734-1129

###
Earn your Permaculture Design Certificate
with the Finger Lakes Permaculture Institute
http://www.fingerlakespermaculture.org
###

PLANT A FOOD FOREST
with Jonathan Bates of Food Forest Farm
http://PermacultureNursery.com

Saturday, June 23rd in Schuyler County, NY

Grow your own food forest! Create a thriving edible forest full of fruits, roots, shoots, greens, seeds, flowers, mulch, eggs, knowledge and fun.

Join us for a full day of Food Forest workshops. Discover how to use the plants from permaculture gardens–as shown in Jonathan Bates presentation–in your own garden. Learn guiding principles to plant your own food forest.

The full day of workshops are held at two locations in Schuyler County. The morning presentation (Edible Forest Gardens: Growing a Food Paradise) is in Montour Falls at Cornell Cooperative Extension of Schuyler County. The afternoon workshop (How to Build Your Own Perennial Polyculture) will be held at a permaculture site in nearby Catherine, NY. Afterwards well have a potluck dinner and campfire.

Tuition: Full day: $40; Morning only: $10

Please register for the full day workshop and learn more details at: http://FingerLakesPermaculture.org

###
Earn your Permaculture Design Certificate
with the Finger Lakes Permaculture Institute
http://www.fingerlakespermaculture.org
###

–

Frosts are over with and planting season is here. Join us in the gardens at Wood’s Earth & grow your food for the season!

• Choose the plot size you want! Discounts on larger plots (great for groups).
• Drip irrigation makes it easy and efficient to water your plants.
• The perimeter deer fence means you don’t have to buy or install fencing.
• A variety of soil amendments, from compost to topsoil, are on-site.
• Tools, wheelbarrows,books, a message board and other resources are available in the shed.
• Gardeners can use the greenhouse or start mushroom logs by the pond.
• The site in conveniently located, but tucked away with great views and easy access to state parks.
• Education is offered for all ages, and gardeners offer specialty workshops.
• Kids can explore in the children’s garden.
• Hang out in the picnic area.

Check out the website. Visit the gardens. Contact us for more info!

http://ithaca.craigslist.org/roo/2998580594.html

Looking for up to five housemates who are interested in gardening, permaculture, good communication, and community, starting August 2012 for one year leases, preference to those who want to stay longer and/or have a desire to help improve or expand the garden. Ecofeatures include: veggie garden, fruit trees, rainwater harvesting, composting, recycling, efficient appliances, energy and water conservation, bike-friendly, car-share, share vegan/vegetarian meals as schedules allow,..all downtown in quiet neighborhood and near Ithaca Falls, Cascadilla Falls, and Cayuga Lake…! Share with professional who has worked many years in the sustainability movement. Utilities/wifi/garbage/washer/dryer included. Smaller room available for shorter stays and reduced rent; permaculture internship? Owner’s art studio (shown) is located 20 ft behind house. Walk 20 min. to lower central campus or 10 min. to catch bus at the Commons to go to Cornell or Ithaca College. Fall Creek is a desirable musical/artsy neighborhood to live in with Gimme Coffee 5 minutes walk and a whole foods store a few minutes beyond that, 10 minutes to the Commons. We have Farmer’s Markets downtown on Wednesdays and at the waterfront on weekends, both within a 5 minute walk. Ithaca has a biodeisel coop, Ithaca CarShare parked down the street, and West Haven Farm CSA drop off nearby. Rooms can be furnished or not. The house has a fully stocked kitchen. In order to conserve space in the kitchen, we share staples like milk, eggs, oil, condiments, unscented laundry detergent, dish soap,…. The kitchen has private shelves/bins and common/shared spaces. Shared space includes living room, kitchen, bathrooms.

HOUSE GUIDELINES
*nonsmoking and drug-free
*no perfumes, colognes, or strong synthetic fragrances found in shampoo and lotion
*no cooking meat (cow, pork, fish) in house
*compost/recycle/conserve water and energy
*keep common spaces clean and clutter-free
*take turns cleaning the bathroom and kitchen weekly
*quiet hours after 11pm (or otherwise agreed)
*ok with possibly one cat in the house (sorry, no other cats or dogs allowed)
*no parties or house guests unless entire house agrees

If you are OK with these guidelines, please write to Sandy Wold (sandra.wold) and say a bit about yourself and give the housing dates you need. Thank you for your interest! More photos here; please tell me if the link does not work: https://picasaweb.google.com/102547300988182558876/FurnishedRoomsForRentInEcoVeggieFamilyHome?authuser=0&authkey=Gv1sRgCKDms9HXiJTu7gE&feat=directlink

Looking for up to five housemates who are interested in gardening, permaculture, good communication, and community, starting August 2012 for one year leases, preference to those who want to stay longer and/or have a desire to help improve or expand the garden. Ecofeatures include: veggie garden, fruit trees, rainwater harvesting, composting, recycling, efficient appliances, energy and water conservation, bike-friendly, car-share, share vegan/vegetarian meals as schedules allow,..all downtown in quiet neighborhood and near Ithaca Falls, Cascadilla Falls, and Cayuga Lake…! Share with professional who has worked many years in the sustainability movement. Utilities/wifi/garbage/washer/dryer included. Smaller room available for shorter stays and reduced rent; permaculture internship? Owner’s art studio (shown) is located 20 ft behind house. Walk 20 min. to lower central campus or 10 min. to catch bus at the Commons to go to Cornell or Ithaca College. Fall Creek is a desirable musical/artsy neighborhood to live in with Gimme Coffee 5 minutes walk and a whole foods store a few minutes beyond that, 10 minutes to the Commons. We have Farmer’s Markets downtown on Wednesdays and at the waterfront on weekends, both within a 5 minute walk. Ithaca has a biodeisel coop, Ithaca CarShare parked down the street, and West Haven Farm CSA drop off nearby. Rooms can be furnished or not. The house has a fully stocked kitchen. In order to conserve space in the kitchen, we share staples like milk, eggs, oil, condiments, unscented laundry detergent, dish soap,…. The kitchen has private shelves/bins and common/shared spaces. Shared space includes living room, kitchen, bathrooms.

HOUSE GUIDELINES
*nonsmoking and drug-free
*no perfumes, colognes, or strong synthetic fragrances found in shampoo and lotion
*no cooking meat (cow, pork, fish) in house
*compost/recycle/conserve water and energy
*keep common spaces clean and clutter-free
*take turns cleaning the bathroom and kitchen weekly
*quiet hours after 11pm (or otherwise agreed)
*ok with possibly one cat in the house (sorry, no other cats or dogs allowed)
*no parties or house guests unless entire house agrees

If you are OK with these guidelines, please write and say a bit about yourself and give the housing dates you need. Thank you for your interest! More photos here; please tell me if the link does not work: https://picasaweb.google.com/102547300988182558876/FurnishedRoomsForRentInEcoVeggieFamilyHome?authuser=0&authkey=Gv1sRgCKDms9HXiJTu7gE&feat=directlink

(Mailing list information, including unsubscription instructions, is located at the end of this message.)
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The Overstory #246: Introduction to temperate homegardens
by Michael Hill
May 14, 2012

*Introduction*
Humans have cultivated plants in a number of different arrangements for thousands of years, including mimicking forest growth to create agricultural systems that can be categorized as multistrata homegardens. Homegardens are intimate, multistory combinations of various trees and crops, sometimes in association with domestic animals, around the homestead (Nair & Kumar, 2006). Homegardens are most prevalent in the tropicse.g., South and Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, East and West Africa, Mesoamerica but also exist to a much smaller degree in temperate zones of China, North America, and Europe (Nair & Kumar, 2006). Homegardens have been cultivated in tropical regions across the globe for centuries, or even millennia in some cases, and continue today to be a major source of valuable and nutritious food, fodder, medicine, fuel, and building materials. In addition, homegardens can deliver intangible benefits to owners and caretakers, such as beauty, quietude, and a sense of pride, hope, and self-confidence, especially as the homegardener experiments, adjusts, and learns through the process of establishing and maintaining a multi-functioning homegarden (Katanga et al., 2007). Finally, homegardens serve as both planned and associated biodiversity repositories (Montagnini, 2006), and they also sequester carbon.

*Ecological Cultivation*
As implied in the definition given above, homegardens are close to the homestead and consist of a number of intimate relationships. Homegardens are generally relatively small, up to 1.0 ha, though larger homegardens can occasionally be found (Peyre et al., 2006), and therefore relationships among the elements are usually managed intensively. Homegarden sustainability relies on the cultivation of these relationships for the efficient use of space, water, soil nutrients, and sunlight. Wiersum (2004) summarizes the benefits found by researchers working in the area of multispecies forest gardens, which are similar in structure (though not necessary similar in terms of caretaker goals and cultivation practices) to the homegardens of interest for this paper: (1) Efficient use of aboveground and belowground space, (2) efficient circulation of nutrients and reduced risks for depleting nutrients because of filters to protect against losses, (3) plant protection as a result of buffers against damaging insects and diseases, and (4) protection against potentially degrading forces such as torrential rainfall, surface runoff, or damaging winds, as a result of the presence of vegetative barriers.

*Vertical Stratification*
Natural forests rely on the use of vertical space for the efficient use of light, soil nutrients, and symbiotic plant interactions; multistrata homegardens, too, rely on such use of vertical space. A forest is typically arranged in strata, or layers. The tallest trees combine to form a canopy, smaller tree species form an understory, a shrub layer fills the next stratum, and an herb layer fills the lowest layer of vertical space (Kricher, 1998). Fungi and organic litter (from leaves and twigs) form the lowest layer, and vines use the vertical architecture of the trees and shrubs to climb. Not all homegardens contain all these layers, though at least three layers are typically present (Jacke & Toensmeier, 2005; Kumar & Nair, 2004).

*Horizontal Distribution*
Jacke and Toensmeier (2005) write that the most productive stage in succession, in terms of net primary productivity, is intermediate succession, before the tree canopy closes in, when trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines all live together. The authors continue, Luckily, most of our developed woody crops, including apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, persimmons, raspberries, hazelnuts, walnuts, and so on, are adapted to such habitats (p. 33). A homegardener can guide horizontal arrangement by creating patches of multistrata polyculturesallowing patches to slowly grow together as the tree canopy develops, which provides for years or even decades of harvests from smaller trees, shrubs, and herbs in the lower strata (more on this later in the paper). The horizontal spacing must be such that the trees and shrubs have plenty of room to grow outward without interfering significantly with other trees.

*Homegarden Value*
Kumar and Nair (2004) summarized the benefits of homegardens from an economic and/or social viewpoint, as compared with other farming systems under similar situations: low capital requirements and labor costs; better utilization of resources, greater efficiency of labor; diversified range of products from a given area; increased value of the components, leading to higher income and improved standards of living; increased self-sufficiency and reduced risk from climatic, biological or market impacts; better use of underutilized land; enhanced food and nutritional security; and increased fulfillment of social and cultural needs through product sharing and exchange. The authors were writing specifically about tropical homegarden systems, but smallholders in temperate zones certainly could enjoy many or all of these same benefits. While far fewer people make their living through subsistence farming in the developed world, creating /complementary homegardens/ (Abebe et al., 2006) could result in yields of products (such as fruits, nuts, and herbs) with high nutritional value and high medicinal value (e.g., ginseng, elderberry), while also creating habitats for animals, improving environmental conditions, enhancing biodiversity, and sequestering carbon.

*Carbon Sequestration*
Homegardens reduce atmospheric CO2 levels via three main mechanisms: they sequester carbon in biomass and soil, reduce fossil-fuel burning by promoting woodfuel production, and help in the conservations of carbon stocks in existing forests by alleviating the pressure on natural forests (Kumar, 2006). In the context of increasing concerns about global climate change, finding cost-effective methods for sequestering carbon has become a major international policy goal (Montagnini & Nair, 2004). Homegardens sequester carbon in plant biomass and soil, and can be particularly effective if the soil is left relatively undisturbed, as soils contain the major stock of carbon in tree-based ecosystems. Sequestration of carbon in the soil occurs because more than half of the carbon assimilated via photosynthesis in the leaves is eventually transported below ground via root growth and turnover, root exudates of organic substances, and litter deposition (Montagnini & Nair, 2004). As compared to annual monocultures, long-rotation systems such as agroforests and homegardens sequester sizable quantities of carbon (Montagnini, 2006), as the amount of biomassand, therefore, carbonthat is harvested and exported from the system is low compared to the total productivity of the tree (Montagnini & Nair, 2004).

*Other Ecological Benefits*
As discussed above, homegardens provide the opportunity for efficient nutrient cycling through species and structural diversity, constant ground cover, nitrogen fixation, symbiotic plant interactions, and long rotational timeframes. In the tropics, homegardens serve as repositories for biodiversity, both planned and associated. Planned biodiversity includes the collection of plants and animals that the homegarden manager has decided are part of the managed system, while associated biodiversity includes all other organisms not intentionally included in the managed systems, such as insects, frogs, birds, fungi, etc. (Perfecto & Vandermeer, 2008). Not only cultivated plants but also weeds can bring the number of useful plant species in a single homegarden into the dozens (Montagnini, 2006).

*Temperate Examples*
Though more properly considered a forest garden (Wiersum, 2004), Feldhake and Schumann (2005) experimented with a multistrata system, based on trees and shrubs only, in central Appalachia, U.S.A. The researchers planted a 1.2 ha forest clear-cut with red oak (/Quercus rubra/) as the mature forest species for future veneer logs, with alternating rows of Chinese chestnut (/Castanea mollissima)/, pawpaw (/Asimina triloba/), hazelnut (/Corylus Americana/), and white pine (/Pinus strobus/), and interplantings of blackberry (/Rubus /spp.) and blueberry (/Vaccinium /spp.), for generating income as the forest matured. Though the study looked at tree growth, under a variety of growing conditions, for only four years, a couple of interesting author comments and research findings are germane to this paper. First, the authors state in the introduction, In this high rainfall region, most of the nutrients are tied up in biomass on shallow-soil sites, thus site productivity may be compromised by frequent complete removal of the above-ground biomass (Feldhake & Schumann, 2005, p. 187), indicating one of the major problems with traditional agriculture in that region. This type of system overcomes these limitations by improving on-site nutrient retention compared to traditional forestry or agriculture. Second, at the end of four years, the chestnut trees averaged more than twice as tall as oak, hazelnut, and pawpaw, and pawpaw had surpassed the oak in height. Given the slower growth rate of the oaks, the desired future canopy tree, the opportunity was created to provide short-term income from nuts and fruits for several decades while the oak canopy is developing (Feldhake & Schumann, 2005). One observation by this author is that Feldhake and Schumann give no indication that plants such as clovers or vetches were used in the herb layer, which could have led to improved nutrient cycling to aid the growth of the fruit and nut trees, through providing groundcover, mulch, nitrogen fixation, and dynamic accumulation. As mentioned in the introduction, Nair and Kumar (2006) write of some examples of temperate homegardens in parts of China and Europe. Traditional homegardens in the temperate region of Isparta, Turkey, are used to grow fruits and vegetables for both home consumption (on average, about 1/3 of the production) and for market (about 2/3 of production), and are also used for raising animals for meat, eggs, and milk (Bassullu & Tolunay, 2010). Jacke and Toensmeier (2005) provide case studies of three homegardens in North America. As compared to the literature on tropical homegardens, of course, these examples seem paltry, though the applications are encouraging, nonetheless.

*Conclusion*
In uncertain times of increasing fossil fuel prices and climate change, diverse homegardens may provide ecological and socioeconomic sustainability for people living in temperate zones, as they do for people of the tropics. Given that approximately 80% of Americans live in cities, it has been argued that adoption of agroforestry practices should begin with urban populations and landscapes (USDA, 2011). Urban agriculture represents a continually growing activity, in both tropical and temperate climates, and in both developing and developed countries (Drescher et al., 2006), though the evidence is that urban agriculture in developed countries consists mainly of plantings of annual food crops (e.g., Patel (1996)). The adoption of multistrata homegardens, with a focus on perennials and woody plants, could work as well in these situations as it has in tropical regions.

REFERENCES
Abebe, T., K.F. Wiersum, F. Bongers, and F. Sterck. (2006). Diversity and dynamics in homegardens of Southern Ethiopia. In Kumar, B.M. and P.K. Nair (eds.), /Tropical Homegardens: A time-tested example of Sustainable Agroforestry,/ (pp. 123-142). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Bassullu, C., and A. Tolunay. (2010). Analysis on traditional homegarden involving animals practices and its importance classification of usage purposes in rural areas of Isparta region of Turkey . /Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5/(7): 450-464.
Douglas, J.S., and R.A. de J. Hart. (1984). Forest farming: Towards a solution to problems of world hunger and conservation. Exeter, Great Britain: A. Wheaton & Co. Ltd.
Drescher, A.W., R.J. Holmer, and D.L. Iaquinta. (2006). Urban homegardens and allotment gardens for sustainable livelihoods: Management strategies and institutional environments. In Kumar, B.M. and P.K. Nair (eds.), /Tropical Homegardens: A time-tested example of Sustainable Agroforestry/, (pp. 337-338). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Feldhake, C.M., and C.M. Schumann. (2005). Tree establishment for a temperate agro-forest in central Appalachia, USA. /Agroforestry Systems, 65/: 187-195.
Jacke, D., and E. Toensmeier. (2005). Edible forest gardens (Volumes 1 and 2). White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. Katanga, R., G. Kabwe, E. Kuntashula, P.L. Mafongoya, and S. Shiri. (2007). Assessing farmer innovations in agroforestry in Eastern Zambia. /The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 13/(2): 117-129. Kricher, J. (1998). Eastern Forests: A field guide to birds, mammals, trees, flowers, and more. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company. Kumar, B.M. (2006). Carbon sequestration potential of homegardens. In Kumar, B.M. and P.K. Nair (eds.). /Tropical Homegardens: A time-tested example of Sustainable Agroforestry/, (pp. 185-204). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Kumar, B.M., and P.K.R. Nair. (2004). The enigma of tropical homegardens. /Agroforestry Systems, 61/: 135-152.
Montagnini, F., and P.K.R. Nair. (2004). Carbon sequestration: An underexploited environmental benefit of agroforestry systems. /Agroforestry Systems, 61/: 281-295.
Montagnini, F. (2006). Homegardens of Mesoamerica: Biodiversity, food security, and nutrient managements. In Kumar, B.M. and P.K. Nair (eds.). /Tropical Homegardens: A time-tested example of Sustainable Agroforestry/, (pp. 61-84). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Nair, P.K.R., and B.M. Kumar. (2006). Introduction. In Kumar, B.M. and P.K. Nair (eds.). /Tropical Homegardens: A time-tested example of Sustainable Agroforestry/, (pp. 1-10). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Patel, I.C. (1996). Rutgers urban gardening: a case study in urban agriculture. /Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 3/(3): 35-46. Perfecto, I., and J. Vandermeer. (2008). Biodiversity conservation in tropical agroecosystems: A new conservation paradigm. /Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences/. doi: 10.1196/annals.1439.011
Peyre, A., A. Guidal, K.F. Wiersum, and F. Bongers (2006). Homegarden dynamics in Kerala, India. In Kumar, B.M. and P.K. Nair (eds.). /Tropical Homegardens: A time-tested example of Sustainable Agroforestry/, (pp. 87-103). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
United States Department of Agriculture (2011). U.S.D.A. Agroforestry strategic framework, fiscal year 2011-2016. Retrieved December 7, 2011, from http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=FOREST_FORESTRY Wiersum, K.F. (2004). Forest gardens as an intermediate land-use system in the nature-culture continuum: Characteristics and future potential. /Agroforestry Systems, 61/: 123-134.

ORIGINAL SOURCE
This article was excerpted from the original with the kind permission of the author: Hill, M. 2012. Temperate Homegardens. Agroforestry Net, Holualoa, Hawaii, USA.
http://agroforestry.net/pubs/Temperate_Homegardens_Michael_Hill.pdf

AUTHOR BIO
Michael Hill is a student of permaculture and agroforestry. He is currently taking graduate courses in agroforestry from the University of Missouri, and he holds a doctorate in research methodology from the University of Virginia. He lives with his wife and two children on the Asheville School campus in Asheville, North Carolina. He chairs the mathematics department at Asheville School.

RELATED EDITIONS OF THE OVERSTORY
The Overstory #239: The Benefits of Tropical Homegardens
The Overstory #229: Urban Tree benefits
The Overstory #222: Forests and human health in the tropics
The Overstory #216–Introduction to temperate edible forest gardens Yhe Overstory #213–Urban Forestry for Multifunctional Urban Land Use The Overstory #186–Introduction to tropical homegardens
The Overstory #147–Major Themes of Tropical Homegardens
The Overstory #142–Urban Trees and Forests
The Overstory #109–Cultural Landscapes
The Overstory #99–Grey Water for Trees and Landscape
The Overstory #87–Urban Forestry

PUBLISHER NOTES
Publisher: Permanent Agriculture Resources
Editor: Craig R. Elevitch
Distributor: The Overstory E-Journal is distributed by Agroforestry Net, Inc., a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization based in Hawaii.
Address: P.O. Box 428, Holualoa, Hawaii 96725 USA
Email: overstory@agroforestry.net ; Web site: http://www.overstory.org

http://www.agroforestry.net/mail.cgi/list/overstory

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Earn your Permaculture Design Certificate
with the Finger Lakes Permaculture Institute
http://www.fingerlakespermaculture.org
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